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Howl By James E.B. Breslin Essay, Research Paper Reprinted from the book, FROM MODERN TO CONTEMPORARY: American POETRY 1945-1965 by James E. Breslin published by the University of Chicago Press, right of first publication? 1983, 1994 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. This text may be used and shared in conformity with the carnival usage commissariats of US and international right of first publication jurisprudence and understanding, and it may be archived and redistributed in electronic signifier, provided that this full notice, including right of first publication information, is carried and provided that the University of Chicago Press is notified and no fee is charged for entree. Archiving, redistribution or republication of this text on other footings, in any medium, requires the consent of the University of Chicago Press. James E. B. Breslin Twenty old ages is more or less a literary coevals, Richard Eberhart comments, and Ginsberg # 8217 ; s Howl ushered in a new coevals. We will write a custom essay sample on From An Essay On or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many modern-day poets have testified to the emancipating consequence that Ginsberg # 8217 ; s poem had on them in the late 1950ss, but ushered in is excessively tame a phrase to depict Ginsberg # 8217 ; s historical impact. Ginsberg, for whom every verse form begins, or ought to, with a frontal assault on established places, thrust a buffeting random-access memory against those protective enclosures, human and literary, so of import to the immature Wilbur and Rich. Angstrom ululation is a drawn-out animate being call and so an natural call, and Ginsberg # 8217 ; s poem still forcefully communicates the sense of a sudden, angry eruption of inherent aptitudes long thwarted, of the release of excluded homo and literary energies. Not irony but prophetic vision ; non a created character but bare confession ; non the autotelic verse form but wroth societal protest ; non the decorousnesss of high civilization but the linguistic communication and affair of the urban streets ; non disciplined craftmanship but self-generated vocalization and indiscriminate inclusion # 8211 ; Howl violated all the current artistic canons and provoked a literary, societal, and even legal dirt. Yet the Ginsberg of the late 1950ss was an curiously contradictory figure. He was a strident revolutionist who, when non denoting his absolute newness, was busily following his genealogical links with belowground traditions and ignored Masterss, particularly Blake and Whitman. History was bunk, but the new consciousness Ginsberg proclaimed was empowered by a reasonably familiar signifier of nineteenth-century Idealism, the footing for his esteem for Blake and Whitman. Ginsberg opened his poesy to sordid urban worlds, and he packed Howl with things, with affair. Yet, as we shall see, submergence in what he calls the entire carnal soup of clip was the first measure in a painful ordeal which ended in the airy # 8217 ; s flight out of clip. Ginsberg # 8217 ; s verse form ranges, nervously and ardently, after remainder from urban craze, a declaration the poet can merely happen in a perpendicular transcendency. Ginsberg # 8217 ; s going from the end-of-the-line modernism was a dramatic but barely a new one ; it took the signifier of a return to those really romantic theoretical accounts and attitudes that modernism tried to eschew. Ginsberg # 8217 ; s corruption of the prevailing artistic norms was non achieved either rapidly or easy. While poets like Wilbur and Lowell early built poetic manners and earned impressive critical acknowledgment, Ginsberg # 8217 ; s early calling consisted of a series of false starts. Howl # 8211 ; contrary to popular feeling # 8211 ; is non the work of an angry immature adult male ; the verse form was non written until its writer was 30, and Howl and Other Poems was Ginsberg # 8217 ; s first published but 3rd written book. Nor was Howl # 8211 ; contrary to a popular feeling created by its writer # 8211 ; a sudden, self-generated flood of originative energy. The verse form, started, dropped, so started once more a few old ages subsequently, was itself the merchandise of a series of false starts. The airy position of Howl had already been revealed to Ginsberg in a series of hallucinations he had experienced in the summer of 1948. The false starts were a portion of Ginsberg # 8217 ; s battle to accept these visions and to happen a literary signifier and linguistic communication that would dependably incarnate them. The letters, notebooks, and manuscripts in the Allen Ginsberg Archives at Columbia, along with Ginsberg # 8217 ; s published autobiographical Hagiographas and interviews, let us to document in ample item the slow development, in the late mid-fortiess and early 1950ss, of one dissenting poet. [ . . . . ] Ginsberg one time described Howl and Other Poems as a series of experiments in what can be done with the long line since Whitman. In Howl itself Ginsberg stepped outside the formalism of the 1950ss, stepped off from even the modernism of Williams, and turned back to the then-obscure poet of Leaves of Grass, transforming Whitman # 8217 ; s bardic jubilations of the airy yet stamp ego into a prophetic chant that is angry, agonised, fearful, amusing, mysterious, and affectionate # 8212 ; the drawn-out and ardent call of Ginsberg # 8217 ; s conceal ego which had survived. Loose shades howling for organic structure attempt to occupy the organic structures of populating work forces : this is how Ginsberg, from Howl onward, perceives the literary yesteryear: haunting signifiers tidal bore, like Moloch, to devour the present. Searching alternatively for a linguistic communication that would incarnate the ego, Ginsberg took the impression of signifier as find he had learned from Williams and pushed it in confessional and airy waies alien to the older poet. Form was no longer self-protective, like asbestos baseball mitts, but a procedure of compositional self-exploration, the activities of the notebooks turned into art. The Gates of Wrath had at the same time produced an ideal and an riddance of the writer # 8217 ; s personality ; the elevated formality of the linguistic communication, by its vagueness, confronts us with a poet who may be a grandiose figure but is besides cipher, and nowhere, in peculiar. In Empty Mirror, Ginsberg had tried to cast the eternal ego and descend to specifics ; but his imitativeness of Williams had produced the same self-annihilating consequence. Howl links the airy and the concrete, the linguistic communication of mystical light and the linguistic communication of the street, and the two are joined non in a inactive synthesis but in a dialectical motion in which an exhausting and penalizing submergence in the most seamy of modern-day worlds issues in transcendent vision. Ginsberg is still uneasy about life in the organic structure, which he more frequently represents as doing hurting ( i.e. , purgatoried their trunk ) than pleasance ; but in this manner he is, like his female parent in Kaddish, pained into Vision. At the stopping point of Howl, holding looked back over his life, Ginsberg can confirm a nucleus ego of innate Spirit and sympathetic humanity that has survived an agonising ordeal. Of the verse form # 8217 ; s three parts ( plus Footnote ) , the first is the longest and most powerful, an angry prophetic plaint. Its cataloging of existent and phantasmagoric images in long dithyrambic lines creates a motion that is rushed, frenzied, yet filled with sudden spreads and wild lights ; the verse form begins by plunging us in the appendages of modern urban life, overpowering and deluging us with esthesiss. Generalizing generational experience in Parts I and II, Ginsberg shows these best heads swerving back and Forth between extremes, with the abruptness and strength of an electric current spring between two poles ; they adopt attitudes of rebelliousness, yearning, panic, zaniness, craze, supplication, choler, joy, cryings, exhaustion # 8211 ; climaxing in the absolutes of lunacy and self-destruction. Apparels and so flesh are invariably being stripped off in this ordeal ; the best heads are exposed and tormented, so cast out into the cold and darkness. So they are at one time hounded and neglected ( unknown and forgotten in the verse form # 8217 ; s words ) . But modern civilisation # 8217 ; s indifference and ill will provoke a despairing hunt for something beyond it for religious light. Again and once more, the immature work forces are left round and exhausted, entirely in their empty suites, trapped in clip # 8211 ; at which point they gain glances of infinity. Howl invariably pushes toward exhaustion, a dead terminal, merely to hold these terminals turn into minutes of shivering rapture. In one of the verse form # 8217 ; s metaphors, boundaries are set down, push in on and envelop the ego # 8211 ; so all of a sudden disintegrate. At such times panic displacements to ecstasy ; the madman rotter is discovered to be the angel-headed hippie, and round ( beaten, exhausted ) becomes beatific. As the catalog of Part I moves through gestures of greater and greater despair, the flower peoples eventually present themselves on the granite stairss house with shaved caputs and harlequin address of self-destruction, instantaneous leukotomy # 8211 ; an act that madly mixes rebelliousness and entry, clownishness and martyrdom. What they want is immediate release from their caputs, from enduring ; what they get is drawn-out captivity, the concrete nothingness of insulin shootings and therapy aimed non at release but accommodation, their organic structures turned to lapidate every bit heavy as the Moon. At this point, in its longest and most desperate line, the verse form seems about to fall in, to terminal : with mother eventually ****** , and the last antic book flung out of the tenement window, and the last door closed at 4am and the last telephone slammed at the wall in answer and the last equipped room emptied down to the last piece of mental furniture, a xanthous paper rose twisted on a wire hanger in the cupboard, and even that complex number, nil but a hopeful small spot of hallucination # 8211 ; With all communicating broken off and all vision denied, the ego is left in a lonely, silent, empty room # 8211 ; the ego is such a room # 8211 ; the room itself the apogee of the verse form # 8217 ; s many images of walls, barriers, and enclosures. In holding the airy quest terminal in the refuge, Ginsberg is mentioning to his ain hospitalization, that of Carl Solomon ( whom he had met in the Columbia Psychiatric Institute ) and that of his female parent. Furthermore, lunacy is here perceived as encapsulating the mind in a private universe. In a strikingly similar transition in Kaddish Ginsberg emphasizes the manner his female parent # 8217 ; s unwellness removed her into a private, hallucinatory universe ( her ain existence ) where, in malice of all his hysterical shriek at her, she remained unaccessible ( no route that goes elsewhere # 8211 ; to my ain universe ) . Ginsberg himself had found it impossible to pass on his ain visions, to do them existent to others. At this climactic minute of Part I, so, the status of separation, division in clip # 8211 ; a preoccupation of Ginsberg # 8217 ; s poesy since The Gates of Wrath # 8211 ; has been taken all the manner out: temporal world is experienced as a series of unbridgeable spreads, a nothingness populated with self-enclosed heads. Ordeal by submergence leaves the ego experiencing dead and walled-in ; the organic structure, heavy as rock, deficiencies affect and becomes a heavy load, while the spirit incarcerated inside the dead organic structure finds itself in no sweet aureate climate but a concrete nothingness. Ginsberg # 8217 ; s province of head at this point can be compared with his prevision temper of hopelessness, or dead-end : with nil but the universe in forepart of me and non cognizing what to make with that. Here, excessively, at the bounds of desperation # 8211 ; with the active will yielded up # 8211 ; Ginsberg experiences a sudden extract of energy ; the verse form # 8217 ; s temper dramatically turns and the concluding lines in Part I affirm the ego # 8217 ; s power to love and to pass on within a life universe. Immediately following the verse form # 8217 ; s most desperate lines comes its most fond: ah, Carl, while you are non safe I am non safe, and now you # 8217 ; re truly in the entire animate being soup of clip. Unlike Wilber and Rich, Ginsberg does non seek a cautious self-insularity, and he here endorses exposure to danger and a stamp designation with the victims of clip and history. I saw the best heads of my coevals, Ginsberg had begun, as if a prophetic and retrospective withdrawal exempted him from the destiny he was depicting ; but Ginsberg now writes from inside the ordeal, as if the purpose of composing were non to determine or incorporate, but sympathetically to come in an experience. By his ain unrestrained spring of images and feelings Ginsberg exposes himself as author to literary ridicule and rejection, and he does put on the line the obliteration of his poetic ego in the released inundation of natural experience and emotion. But by put on the lining these dangers Ginsberg can accomplish the sort of poesy he describes in Part I # 8217 ; s last six lines, a poesy that bridges the spread between egos by incarnating the writer # 8217 ; s experience, doing the reader, excessively, experience it as a esthesis. Immediately following the verse form # 8217 ; s most intimate line comes its most elevated and grandiose, as if Ginsberg could truly claim a prophetic function merely after admiting his vulnerable humanity. and who therefore ran through icy streets obsessed with a sudden flash of the chemistry of the usage of the elipse the catalog the metre A ; the vibrating plane, who dreamt and made incarnate spreads in Time A ; Space through images juxtaposed, and trapped the archangel of the psyche betwen 2 ocular images and joined the elemental verbs and set the noun and elan of consciousness together jumping with esthesis of Pater Omnipotens Aeterna Deus to animate the sentence structure and step of hapless human prose and base before you speechless and intelligent and agitating with shame, rejected yet squealing out the psyche to conform to the beat of idea in his bare and eternal caput, the lunatic rotter and angel round in Time, unknown, yet seting down here what might be left to state in clip to come after decease, and rose reincarnate in the apparitional apparels of wind in the goldhorn shadow of the set and blew the agony of America # 8217 ; s bare head for love into an eli eli lamma lamma sabachthani saxaphone call that shivered the metropoliss down to the last wireless, with the absolute bosom of the verse form of life butchered out of their ain organic structures good to eat a thousand old ages. In biographical footings, the agonised elation of these lines may remember the emotional lift given Ginsberg when, seemingly at the terminal of his rope when hospitalized, he discovered in Carl Solomon person who shared his vision of life, person he could communicate with. But the temper of these lines more evidently grows out of the authorship that # 8217 ; s preceded them, as the verse form turns on itself to see its ain nature, manner, and being ; in fact, these shuting lines of Part I drop some helpful intimations on how to read Howl, as if Ginsberg feared he had gone excessively far and needed to flip a few overcrossings across the spread dividing him from his reader. Subsequently on I want to take up some of these intimations and speak in item about the verse form # 8217 ; s thought and pattern of linguistic communication ; for now I want to stress what Ginsberg is stating here about the really act of composing his verse form. In the 1948 visions the living Godhead had spoken to Ginsberg as to his boy ; no secret about Ginsberg # 8217 ; s individuality here! Now, holding been persecuted for his visions, Ginsberg echoes the desperation of Christ on the cross: eli eli lamma lamma Sabacthani. Yet this modern christ incarnates divine spirit non in his organic structure but in his authorship, which embodies the esthesis of Pater Omnipotens Aeterna Deus. So the anguished Ginsberg arises transmigrate in the revelatory words of his ain verse form. Howl, butchered out of his ain organic structure, will be good to eat a thousand old ages. The motion of Part I # 8212 ; a edifice sense of being closed-in issue in a release of airy energy # 8212 ; becomes the motion between Parts II and III of Howl. What sphinx of cement and aluminium bashed unfastened their skulls and ate up their encephalons and imaginativeness? Ginsberg asks at the start of Part II ; his reply # 8211 ; Moloch! # 8211 ; becomes the perennial base word for a series of emphatic phrases ( Moloch the loveless! Mental Moloch! ) in which Ginsberg seeks to exorcize this diabolic power by calling it right and exposing its true nature. In Part I Ginsberg immerses himself and his reader in the anguished strength and sudden lights of the belowground universe ; now in Part II, strengthened by his descent and return, he can face his tormentor angrily, his words endeavoring for charming force as they strike, like a series of hammer blows, against the Fe walls of Moloch. As we have merely seen, Moloch is an ancient divinity to whom kids were sacrificed, merely as the rains and imaginativeness of the present coevals are devoured by a covetous and barbarous societal system. Moloch stands loosely for authorization # 8212 ; familial, societal, literary # 8212 ; and Ginsberg does non portion the immature Adrienne Rich # 8217 ; s belief in an authorization that is tenderly terrible. Manifest in skyscrapers, prisons, mills, Bankss, Bedlams, ground forcess, authoritiess, engineering, money, bombs, Moloch represented a huge, across-the-board societal world that is at best unresponsive ( a concrete nothingness ) , at worst a malign presence that provenders off individualism and difference, Moloch # 8212 ; whose head is pure machinery # 8212 ; is Ginsberg # 8217 ; s version of Blake # 8217 ; s Urizen, pure ground and abstract signifier. A clear contrast to the grave yet tender voice that Ginsberg heard in the foremost of his visions, Moloch is besides the heavy judger of work forces, the parent whose chilling glimpse can terrorize the kid, paralyze him with diffidence and do him experience loony and fagot. Moloch, so, is the rule of separation and struggle in life, an external force so powerful that it eats its manner inside and divides the ego against itself. Moloch who entered my soul early! Moloch in whom I am a consciousness without a organic structure! Moloch who frightened me out of my natural rapture! It is Moloch who is the beginning of all the verse form # 8217 ; s images of stony coldness ( the granite stairss of the Bedlam, the organic structure turned to lapidate, the sphinx of cement and aluminium, the huge rock of war, the stones of clip, etc. ) . Like the Medusa of classical myth, Moloch petrifies. Ginsberg # 8217 ; s drive, heated repeat of the name, furthermore, creates the feeling that Moloch is everyplace, environing, enveloping # 8211 ; a cement or Fe construction inside of which the spirit, devoured, sits imprisoned and languishing ; and so Moloch is besides the beginning of all the verse form # 8217 ; s images of enclosure ( caput, room, refuge, gaol ) . Moloch whom I abandon! Ginsberg cries out at one point. Yet in malice of all the maledictions and even wit directed against this omnipresent presence, the release of repressed fury is eventually non emancipating ; choler is non the manner out. Part II begins with abounding rebelliousness, but it ends with loss, futility, and self-contempt buttocks Ginsberg sees all he values, visions! Omens! Hallucinations! Miracles! Ecstasies! # 8212 ; the whole shipload of sensitive Irish bull # 8212 ; gone down the American river! And so the temper at the stopping point of Part II, similar to the minute in Part I when the flower peoples with shaved caputs and harlequin address, present themselves for leukotomy, the temper here is hysterically self-destructive, with choler, laughter, and weakness uniting in a dizzy self-destructiveness: Real sanctum laughter in the river! They saw it all! the wild eyes! the holy cries! They bade farewell! They jumped off the roof! to solitude! wave! transporting flowers! Down to the river! into the street! An spring of choler against compressing authorization may be a phase in the procedure of self-liberation, but is non its terminal ; choler, perpetuating division, perpetuates Moloch. In fact, as the last line of Part II shows, such fury, futile in its whippings against the rocky consciousness of Moloch, at last bends back on the ego in Acts of the Apostless that are, nevertheless zany, suicidal. But in Part III, dramatically switching from self-consuming fury to renewal in love, a sort of self-integration, a reconciliation of destructive and originative urges, is sought. Carl Solomon! I # 8217 ; m with you in Rockland, Ginsberg begins, turning from angry declamatory rhetoric to a simple, conversational line, affectionate and reassuring in its gently swaying beat. Repeated, this line becomes the base phrase for Part III, its utterance each clip followed by a response that farther defines both Rockland and Solomon, and this unfolding word picture provides the dramatic motion of this subdivision every bit good as the declaration of the full verse form. At first, the responses stress Rockland as prison and Solomon as victim # 8211 ; where you # 8217 ; re madder than I am where you must experience really unusual where you imitate the shadiness of my female parent # 8211 ; but these are balanced against the undermentioned three responses, which stress the power of the lunatic to exceed his mere physical imprisonment. where you # 8217 ; ve murdered your 12 secretaries where you laugh at this unseeable wit where we are great authors on the same awful typewriter A little more than midway through, nevertheless, get downing with # 8211 ; where you bang on the catatonic piano the psyche is guiltless and immortal it should neer decease ungodly in an armed Bedlam # 8211 ; the replies begin to acquire longer, faster in motion, more phantasmagoric in imagination, as they, proclaiming a social/political/religious/sexual revolution, affirm the transcendent freedom of the ego. Part III # 8217 ; s forbear therefore establishes a context of emotional support and religious Communion, and it is from this base, taking off in progressively more audacious flights of rebellious energy, that Ginsberg eventually arrives at his existent ego. I # 8217 ; m with you in Rockland where we wake up electrified out of the coma by our ain psyche # 8217 ; aeroplanes boom over the roof they # 8217 ; ve come to drop beatific bombs the infirmary illuminates itself fanciful walls prostration O skinny hosts run outside O starry-spangled daze of clemency the ageless war is here O triumph bury your underwear we # 8217 ; rheniums free I # 8217 ; m with you in Rockland in my dreams you walk dripping from a sea-journey on the main road across America in cryings to the door of my bungalow in the Western dark Again, boundaries ( fanciful walls ) prostration, in a surging minute of revelatory release ; and the ego # 8211 ; which is guiltless and immortal # 8211 ; interruptions free of Moloch, of whom Rockland # 8217 ; s walls are an extension. The verse form, so, does non near with the self-destructive rescue of Part II ; nor does it stop with a amusing apocalypse ( O triumph bury your underwear we # 8217 ; re free ) ; it closes, alternatively, with a Whitmanesque image of love and reunion. Howl moves from the ordeal of separation, through the projecting out of the rule of division, toward fusion, a procedure that happens chiefly within the ego. Harmonizing to Ginsberg, Part III of Howl is a litany of avowal of the Lamb in its glorification. His repeat of the conversational I # 8217 ; m with you in Rockland turns it into an elevated liturgical chant. Wordss, no longer arms as they were in Part I, construct a charming conjuration which delivers us into a vision of the inexperienced person Lamb, the ageless Spirit locked inside Rockland, or inside the difficult surfaces of a defensive personality. Carl Solomon maps partially as a alternate for Naomi Ginsberg, still hospitalized in Pilgrim State when Howl was written ; Ginsberg, who hints every bit much in the verse form ( where you imitate the shadiness of my female parent ) , has late conceded this to be the instance. But less of import than placing the real-life referents in the verse form is to see that a actual individual has been transformed into ageless original, the Lamb of both Christian and Blakean mythology, and that Ginsberg # 8217 ; s loving reassurance is chiefly directed to this everlastingly guiltless facet of himself. The chorus line in Part II articulates the human understanding of the poet, while his responses uncover his messianic and airy ego which at foremost rendered him terrified and incommunicado but subsequently yielded what Ginsberg calls in Kaddish the cardinal to unlock the door of the encapsulated ego. Howl stopping points with Ginsberg # 8217 ; s loving credence of # 8211 ; himself ; the portion of him that had been lost and banished in clip in The Gates of Wrath has been reborn ( dripping from a sea-journey ) and reintegrated. The mirror is no longer empty. Yet this integrity, happening merely in a dream, is attained by agencies of flight and return. Howl battles for liberty, but Ginsberg, as he had when he moved to the West Coast, keeps looking back over his shoulder, confirming his fidelity to Carl Solomon, to Naomi Ginsberg, to images from his past life. Similarly, he says the tradition is a complete fuck-up so you # 8217 ; re on your ain, but Ginsberg leans for support on Blake and Whitman, both of whom he perceives as maternal, stamp, and hence non-threatening governments. Ginsberg in fact terminals by retreating from the societal, historical nowadays which he so strongly creates in the verse form. He stuffs the verse form with things from modern urban life ; but materiality maps in the verse form as a sort of whip, scourging Ginsberg into vision. Moloch, it seems, can non be exorcised, merely eluded through a perpendicular transcendency ; what starts out as a verse form of societal protest terminals by withdrawing into private religious/erotic vision, and Ginsberg # 8217 ; s silent premise of the immutableness of societal world establishes one regard in which he is a kid of the 1950ss instead than of the existence. Ginsberg decided non to compose a verse form so that he could show his existent ego # 8211 ; which turned out to be his idealised ego: the Lamb in its glorification. Confessional poesy frequently presents non an exposure but a mythologizing of the ego, as Plath # 8217 ; s poems strive to ordain her transmutation into the mulct, white winging myth of Ariel. In Howl Ginsberg wants to retrieve an original integrity that has been lost in clip ; he wants to continue a self-image which he can merely continue by maintaining it separate from temporal, physical world. Compositional self-exploration turns out to be compositional self-idealization. The lone manner to be like Whitman is to compose unlike Whitman, Williams believed. Ginsberg surely did take over some specific proficient characteristics of Whitman # 8217 ; s work # 8211 ; the long line, the catalog, the syntactic correspondence ; he was in fact rereading Leafs of Grass as he was working on Howl. Is it possible, so, that in larning to compose unlike Williams Ginsberg ended up composing like Whitman and therefore being like neither of these independent and advanced poets? The reply, I think, is that while Ginsberg did non carry through the absolute fresh start that he sometimes liked to conceive of, he does non simply reiterate the literary yesteryear. He imagines Whitman as the laminitis ; Ginsberg wants to travel frontward along lines initiated by the earlier author. Whitman # 8217 ; s signifier had seldom been farther explored, Ginsberg said ; the character of his progress can be defined by comparing the first two lines of one of Whitman # 8217 ; s long catalogs in Song of Myself # 8211 ; The pure contralto sings in the organ loft, The carpenter # 8217 ; s plane whistles its wild, go uping lisp, with two lines near the beginning of Part I of Howl : who bared their encephalons to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels reeling on tenement roofs illuminated, who passed through universities with beaming cool eyes hallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light calamity among the bookmans of war Both poets build a catalog out of long, end-stopped lines that are syntactically analogue. Yet Whitman # 8217 ; s lines, each entering a individual ascertained image in a crystalline manner, are simple and travel with an easy carefreeness, while Ginsberg, an embattled visionary, packs his lines with phantasmagoric images, and makes them travel with an about frenzied strength. As he does here, Ginsberg works throughout the verse form by juxtaposing the linguistic communication of the street ( El, staggering, tenement roofs, illuminated ) in electrifying ways. Howl therefore arrives at the airy by manner of the actual, as the verse form in The Gates of Wrath did non ; and Ginsberg here creates images / That work stoppage like lightning from ageless head instead than discoursing the possibility. Ginsberg # 8217 ; s linguistic communication incarnates spreads # 8211 ; between street and Eden, actual and airy # 8211 ; so leaps across them in a sudden flash. His usage of images juxtaposed shows that Ginsberg came to Whitman by manner of the modern poets ; but the resulting line is his ain. The line serves an expressive intent in baring the tormented mysterious consciousness of the poet ; but it serves a rhetorical intent as good # 8211 ; seeking to interrupt people # 8217 ; s mind systems unfastened by rationally overthrowing ( mechanical ) consciousness and replacing it with a wild associatory logic which sees connexions where before there were resistances. As a concluding illustration we can look at the line uncomparable unsighted streets of shivering cloud and lightning in the head jumping toward poles of Canada A ; Paterson, lighting all the inactive universe of Time between At foremost the line moves toward a terrorizing dead-end ( blind streets ) but so the landscape is internalized ( in the head ) and a flash illuminates the temporal universe and releases the archangel of the psyche from the dead-end of clip. As we have seen, the verse form as a whole # 8211 ; plunging us in the actual and temporal, so let go ofing us in a minute of vision # 8211 ; works in merely this manner. By James E.B. Breslin. Copyright? 1983, 1994 by University of Chicago

Marketing Communication in Benetton

Marketing Communication in Benetton The advertising objectives of the two companies The advertising objective of Benetton group was to create awareness about the brand and at the same time inform potential consumers about the ideals that the company supports.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Communication in Benetton specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This strategy was supposed to evoke emotions and to attach them to the company’s brand so that consumers can see it either as an agreeable personality or as an offending one or even a controversial personality. In this strategy, the objective of the company, which was to create awareness and imprint its logo in consumer’s memory, would be realized easily. Benetton used its controversial approach to advertising as a way to appear unique among its competitors. On the other hand, the objective of Yeo Valley was to inform customers of its products and to demystify the notion that organic foods must always be expensive and only to the rich. Several theories can explain the way advertising works, and these theories are useful for understanding the objectives of the two companies and their reason for the particular advertising strategies that they chose. Theories can either be on a singular version relating to the notion of hierarchy-of-effect. They can also be considering a multiple process approach and at the same time highlight the importance of location or brand attitude as the main communication objective. Irrespective of the underlying theory, communication ideas for advertising usually require companies to include six steps in separate or combined form. The steps are to become an advocate of the product, service or cause and then learn everything about it before going on to create an ad.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second one is to lear n about the target audience in conventional and specific terms that relate to the business such as their location and their opinion about the competition. The third step is to take the information learned about clients and target audience and to use it to come up with ideas and philosophies or techniques that can work. With several ideas in place, the fourth step is to expand on a few main ideas to ensure they communicate the message well. The next step is execution of the ideas and the last one is to collect feedback about the advertising. Based on the above six steps, the two companies appear to have met the criteria and this enabled them to achieve their objectives. For example, Benetton first defined its communication message and then proceeded to come up with advertising ideas that would help it create the relevant ads. The use of an internal ad team allowed it to control the process and to use ads that were coherent with the intentions of top management at the firm. The compan y collected feedback through media reactions of the ads it ran. In some cases, the feedback was bad and required public apologies from the company. Overall, Benetton could tell the success or failure of the ads by its performance in the market (Wardle, 2002). Yeo Valley also followed the steps to achieve its objective of reversing misconceptions about organic food and to promote its organic milk product.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Communication in Benetton specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It collected feedback through surveys and was able to engage consumers using social media, which helped Yeo Valley to determine whether its strategy was working or not. This came after extensive research into consumer trends and opinions on organic foods (Tiltman, 2011). Discussion on advantages and disadvantages of the advertising campaign used by Benetton for many years Benetton opted to capture social issues and h ighlight them in its advertisement for company values of promoting equality for all. When evaluating the ads in a postmodern society, they appear suiting to the characteristic of restlessness and use of an uncertain environment. They show that the company is not taking a business as usual approach and instead is trying to rearrange social power though advertising activism. In society, advertising works as a source of propaganda and people gain satisfaction when they purchase. Advertising at its core tries to sell a product by associating it with a particular socially efficacious characteristic such as what Benetton did with its â€Å"united colours of Benetton† ad campaign. The ads point to a preindustrial age where the object was to focus on events rather than objects where consumers would look at particular events such as arrival of ships and remember that it was time to make particular purchases. Today, the same would be applicable when talking of the arrival of new stock or holidays that come with massive sales from most companies (Bernardin et al., 2009). Advertising as Benetton case showed is a powerful social force but it caters mostly for mass consumers and does not actually change their attitudes and behaviours.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The disadvantage of the Benetton historical approach is that it was concerned with changing people’s opinions about social issues that may or may not relate to the brand (Tungate, 2007). Although the brand would benefit by staying in the news for various reasons, it also clearly demarcated itself. In one communication, it would appeal to a segment of consumers only to lose them in another communication attempt. The campaign failed to realize that people harbour different sentiments on different social issues. Thus, being controversial alienates some of its customer bases (Tiltman, 2011). The ad campaign did well in packaging people’s emotions and selling it back to them in a classic sense of what advertising is supposed to do (Wardle, 2002). Good advertising works as a mirror to society where individuals see their fears and aspirations and channel the feelings into consumer choices. Thus, by using already existing social concerns, the ads excelled because they function ed by redirecting issues that target audiences already shared. For example, some ads by Benetton used images that highlight social attitudes about poverty and homosexuality as cues to sell to people. Since the ads were using contrasting images, they were very attractive and the social nature of the contrast created enough interest to cause viewers to take more time and analyse the ad. As they did, they internalized the message and the slogan of the company. They would recall it later when making purchases. The same would happen whenever they interacted with the company slogan again. This method allowed ads by the company to remain timeless as compared to the competition (Sutton, 2009). A disadvantage of controversial advertising strategy is that provoking thoughts of consumers does not always work as expected. It can backfire not only on the company’s reputation but also on its finances. In the US, Benetton had to pay fines and it was banned in Germany (Ganesan, 2003). These outcomes can create adequate public hype about a company or a brand, but without access to particular markets, they end up being advertising funds spend for no monetary benefits in return (The Economist, 2004). The ad campaigns by Benetton were also not working because the company was relying on one strategy when pursuing a global brand building campaign. It should have recognized differing cultures, ideologies and opinions among and within countries (Percy, 2008). Disadvantages of overlooking cultural and market differences in advertising arise when words have different meanings to different people yet the company persists with one slogan and communication method. For example, the company sought to express its values of equality using images, but the same equality message would be empowering to some people and disempowering to others. Instead of noticing these differences caused by people’s culture in some countries, it went ahead to create additional ads with the same under lying message. This only worked to alienate some people from the brand. Those oppressed because of allowing equal access to dangerous people or groups in society would not take the message well (Phillips, Doole Lowe, 2008). A universal approach fails to recognize the predominant stereotype that could be influencing perceptions of equality (Pincas and Loiseau, 2008). In predominant white populations as in most of the Western world, minorities are interpreted in the mainstream according to the way the overall white population accepts and views them. Thus, in advertising, equal representation will seek to make minorities of race, economic states or cultures achieve similar standards as the dominant population. However, since the view used is the one popular with the majority, it may not capture the actual wishes of the minority. In the Benetton case, a disadvantage of its adverting approach was that, the message communicated to the majority in any particular issues was not the same as the one communicated to the minority despite the use of a universal message. For example, some African-Americans felt offended by an image of a black woman feeding a white baby, and some white people may be offended by the same image for its associated corruption of the white race. Nevertheless, these sentiments belong to minorities, but highlighted them can have a negative impact on the overall association of the ad communication strategy of Benetton (Ganesan, 2003). Although the appeal by Benetton was well intentioned, its effect could be fearful and tormenting to some audiences. The emotions evoked could linger in the target person’s memory for long after viewing the ad and can even spark social discussions on the issues to arouse additional negative emotions that will channel back to the brand. In the end, the brand becomes very popular, but rather than promote equality, it creates more animosity for those who like it against those who do not agree with its adverting pri nciples (Nan and Faber, 2004). However, there is a benefit associated with controversially separating the target community. The ad ends up creating a community of loyal followers and defenders of its ideals, which translates to brand ambassadors that act as key influencers in the rest of society and help the company to achieve its objectives of growing sales or increasing awareness without incurring additional costs. Controversy is an essential element for making advertising messages go viral (Scott Scott, 2011). Types of companies that might find the type of advertisement effective The mandate for companies to support social and environmental issues is loud and comes from increasing global consumer awareness and activism practices. Companies have to embrace social issues as part of their business growth strategies (OBarr, 2010). Therefore, embracing social issues as part of advertising can be a welcome twist that connects them well with their target consumer communities. Neverthel ess, the suitability of a given advertising strategy to controversial social issues remains limited to particular industries and nature of business together with company objectives. In this regard, the following are some of the companies that are use the model of Benetton in advertising and be effective (OBarr, 2007). Companies believing that there are only shocking realities and no shocking pictures could include advocacy and consulting companies seeking to promote corporate or individual behaviour change. Here companies seek to make subsequent images of their advertising unique so that they can be provocative and create a scandal (Moriarty et al., 2015). A company that is entering a highly competitive market can benefit greatly from shock advertising because it will be able to create a lot of buzz in a short time with a limited budget. Companies dealing in high street fashion are an example, because they need to create hype about their new clothing lines just in time for a particu lar season and use up the generated attention to make sales before rivals react to the marketing strategy (Schultz and Schultz, 2004). A company that is seeking to promote an alternative product to an addictive product is also a good candidate for shock advertising. A company that is making electronic cigarettes can use shocking images of traditional cigarette smokers or associated effects of the smoking to pass its message (Mooij and Hofstede, 2010). Another good candidate for shock advertising is a children’s home, a charitable organization or a company that is carrying out social sensitive corporate social responsibility projects such as feeding the homeless. Concordia Children’s Services, an organization from Philippines in 2008 carried out a print and online ad campaign showing pig breastfeeding human babies similar to the way it would breastfeed several piglets concurrently. The ad was controversial and included a copy message of â€Å"if you don’t help t hem, who will?† It also included a number and the name of the organization. The contrast was interesting and thought provoking just as Benetton ads are (Bashin, 2011). Analysis of Yeo Valley’s 2010 campaign The Yeo Valley’s 2010 campaign was successful in its attempt to create seek attention, create interest and drive through a particular communication to compel viewers to act in a certain way. With the hierarchy model of advertising, which contributes to the hierarchy-of-effects theory, a consumer moves through three main stages namely cognitive stage, affective stage and finally behavioral stage. An effective ad is the one that allows consumers to transition smoothly through all the three stages. Ads that fail and lose consumers in any part of the process will not succeed overall. Therefore, every part of the model is essential. In the actual hierarchy-of-effects theory, consumers move from awareness to knowledge and this are all parts of the cognitive stage (G anesan, 2003). In the Yeo Valley’s 2010 campaign, consumers already first become aware of the farmers and the musical nature of the ad and then they realize that is actually farmers who are rapping. The ad uses their knowledge of hip-hop culture of rapping and they might have seen in popular hip-hop music videos. The ad combines it with their awareness of farmers and the familiarity of a farm with its machinery and buildings. Shooting the video in a farm quickly places the ad in context. The controversial image of farmers rapping creates interest, but to sustain the interest, which comes as the next step in the hierarchy-of-effects theory, the farmers mimic actual hip-hop videos and glorify their farm equipment, their clothing and the product, which is Yeo Valley’s yoghurt. There are scenes of cows with tags and neckbands that mimic scenes in actual rapping videos where rappers show their chains and glamorous wristwatches. There is a repeated scene of a tractor lifting itself on its back wheel and excavator (Covert, 2011). The interest in the ad is sustained by actual lyrics of the ad that communicate the brand message, informing people about the culture of consuming organic milk products is cool just the way hip-hop and rap music is cool. The strategy is appealing to a young population that is the target market, and this makes the ad effective (Barker Angelopulo, 2006). The final steps of the advertising model are evaluation, trial and evaluation. The ad succeed in making customers evaluate its products, and try them from stores then evaluating the product in relation to its advertised ideals as captured by customer feedback on the ad and on social media (BBC, 2011). The source of the ad communication is Yeo Valley and its message is that the company is capable of coming up with slick products and practices that make its customers appeal cool. In addition, the company is passing on the message that it is in harmony with nature. Customers receiv e cues about Yeo Valley showing the company following natural farming practices in a passionate way to make a difference in people’s lives. The channel for communication was online video, traditional media and social media. The traditional media airing of the video helped to create awareness, while the other two channels allowed the company to benefit from the awareness through sustained word-of-mouth referrals for the ad and adequate sensitization of the brand and the product. This eventually compelled people to try the product and evaluate it (Scott and Scott, 2011). Effect of marketing communication strategy of Benetton and Yeo Valley on the society The communication strategies of the two companies create new goals for advertising because they shatter social expectations. They increase the achievement threshold of advertising by extending the scope of traditional channels and designs of communication brand awareness beyond features that already familiar to consumers. On th e other hand, the brands make it possible for companies to change consumer perception about particular social issues that go beyond a particular product or brand. Benetton succeeded in highlighting plight of the minority and needy is several aspects of conventional stereotype images. Yeo Valley succeed in changing perception of its target community about organic foods in general and to increase support for natural farming practices by dissociating the practice with wealthy consumers and instead attaching it to a sustainability cause for the environment (Acton, 2011). Advertising that breaches social norms ends up creating more fear as the ideal method of advertising and the overall effect is that companies heighten fear levels in society than may work in the short term but alienate consumers in the end. Society ends up getting used to more stimulating images and videos of advertisements and immunity to advertising increases overall. Even with shock advertising, there is always a bet ter and more effective method of arousing interest and causing scandal compared to what currently works in the market. Therefore, firm are always playing catch-up to each other, and end up desensitizing consumers on the issues that they are supposed to arouse caring feelings (Batra, Myers and Aaker, 2006). However, the advertising strategy of the two companies also demonstrates the capabilities of non-verbal communication as an effective way of penetrating particular messages to consumers without risking alienation. It also shows that advertising is merging with other traditional forms of marketing to become a continuum rather than discrete segments. With interactivity built into advertising, the society is getting powers to shape advertising by companies through real-time reactions that defend a brand or tarnish it in public. Thus, companies are able to embrace advertising as a cyclic process in their marketing communication strategy. Conclusion The marketing communication strategy by Benetton and Yeo Valley is unique because it relies on novelty of concepts and communication messages. This paper analysed the two company marketing communication strategies to show some similarities sand unique features. The two companies succeed in different ways, but the turnaround in the Benetton strategy as explained in the case study shows that a shock-advertising model might not work so well for many companies. The controversies created by ads require additional marketing campaigns to correct and this can defeat the purpose of going with the strategy in the first place. Reference List Acton, A. (ed.) (2011) Issues in advertising, mass communication and public relations, Scholarly Editions. Barker, R. and Angelopulo, G. (2006). Integrated organisational communication. Cape Town: Juta. Bashin, K. (2011) 26 incredibly daring ads that were made to shock you, 16 July, Web. Batra, R., Myers, J.G. and Aaker, D.A. (2006) Advertising management, Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) P vt. Ltd. BBC (2011) Ad breakdown: Yeo Valley boyband, Web. Bernardin, T., Kemp-Robertson, P., Stewart, D.W., Cheng, Y., Wan, H., Rossiter, J.R., Erevelles, S., Roundtree, R., Zinkhan, G.M. and Fukawa, N. (2009) Envisioning the future of advertising creativity research: Alternative perspectives, Journal of Advertising, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 131-150. Busch, R., Seidenspinner, M. and Unger, F. (2007). Marketing communication policies. Berlin: Springer. Covert, T.K.A. (2011) Manipulating images: World War II mobilization of women through magazine advertising, Lanham: Lexington Books. Ganesan, S. (2003) Benetton Group: Evolution of communication strategy, Hyderabad: ICPEA. Mooij, M.D. and Hofstede, G. (2010) The Hofstede model: Applications to global branding and advertising strategy and research, International Journal of Advertising, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 85-110. Moriarty, S., Mitchell, N.D., Wells, W.D., Crawford, R., Brennan, L. and Spence-Stone, R. (2015) Advertising principles and pract ices, Melbourne: Pearson Australia. Nan, X. and Faber, R.J. (2004) Advertisement theory: Reconceptualising the building blocks, Marketing Theory Articles, vol. 4, no. 1/2, pp. 7-30. OBarr, W. (2010) A brief history of advertising in America, Advertising Society Review, vol. 11, no. 1. OBarr, W.M. (2006) Representations of masculinity and femininity in advertisements, Washington: Advertising Educational Foundation. OBarr, W.M. (2007) Ethics and advertising, Advertising Society Review, vol. 8, no. 3. Percy, L. (2008). Strategic integrated marketing communications. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Pincas, S. and Loiseau, M. (2008) A history of advertising, Los Angeles: Taschen. Prakashan, N. (2007) Advertising and sales promotion, Mumbai: Pragati Boks Pvt. Ltd. Schultz, D. and Schultz, H. (2004). IMC, the next generation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Scott, D. and Scott, D. (2011). The new rules of marketing PR. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Sutton, D.H. (2009) Globalizing ideal beauty: How female copywriters of the J. Water Thompson Advertising Agency redefined beauty of for the twentieth century, New York: Palgrave Macmillian. The Economist (2004) The future of advertising: The harder hard sell, The Economist, 24 June. Tiltman, D. (2011) Yeo Valley: How a little TV can go a long way, Web. Tungate, M. (2007) A global history of advertising, London: Kogan-Page. Wardle, J. (2002) Developing advertising with qualitative market research, New York: Sage Publications.

The case of Granite Construction Industry Plc Study

The of Granite Construction Industry Plc - Case Study Example This paper focuses on Granite Construction Company. The paper is aimed at carrying out financial analyses of Granite Construction Plc with particular focus on the liquidity, profitability and solvency ratio so as to gain a reasonable basis for providing recommendations to investors and suppliers on whether to invest or continue business for the company, and finally see the various methods through which the company access the capital market. Having said this, the sections that follow will be structured as follows. Section two provides an overview of the company. Part three provide a table of the various ratios, section four compares these ratios to the industry benchmark, while the next section examine the capital structure of the company and provides recommendations to various interest groups. Granite Construction Inc is a heavy civil construction contractor in the United States. The Company operates nationwide, serving both public and private sector clients. In the public sector, th e company primarily focuses on infrastructure projects, including the construction of roads, highways, bridges, dams, canals, mass transit facilities and airport infrastructure. (Annual report 2007). In the private sector, Granite Construction Inc performs site preparation and infrastructure services for residential development, commercial and industrial buildings, plants and other facilities (www.graniteconstruction.com). According to the (2007), the company owns and leases substantial aggregate reserves and own a number of construction materials processing plants. The Company also have a contractor-owned heavy construction equipment fleets in the United States (www.graniteconstruction.com). Bodie et al (2002), defines the macro economy as the environment in which all firms operate. According to Bodie et al (2002), based on a study on the S&P 500, stock price tends to rise with earnings per share. Although ones ability to forecast the macro economy environment can lead to speculative investment performance, it is not enough to forecast the m

Answer 5 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer 5 questions - Essay Example It is made up of two proteins named fibroin and sericin. There are various mechanical properties of silk depending on the animal that produces it. Spiders, for example, produce dragline silk that has a high tensile strength and a strain that fails at 6%. Other forms of silk produced by spiders, especially the orb-web-spinning spiders, are superior to almost all natural structural materials produced by man and other animals. Another type of spider silk, the viscid silk, possesses remarkable extensibility and maximum strength of over 1 GPa (Meyers et al.). Other structural materials derived from animals include exoskeleton of arthropods, as well as keratin-based hooves and horns (Meyers et al.). Synthetic fibers rayon and nylon are also actually organic in origin. Rayon comes from cellulose, which is the solid part of the plant cell wall. On the other hand, nylon is the first type of fiber that is considered truly synthetic. It is made up of linear superpolymers (â€Å"Miracle Fibersà ¢â‚¬ ). 2. Terrestrial Locomotion Typically, tetrapods have the upper arm and upper leg extended in such a way as it is almost at a straight horizontal line with respect to its body. Moreover, the forearm and the leg form a nearly right angle relative to the body. The body weight of the tetrapod is actually concentrated into the torso or the upper segment with only a small portion of the weight on the upper part of the lower limbs or the area of the thighs. The main task of the limbs is to lift the body off the ground in order to walk. Moreover, the legs of tetrapods have internal bones within them and with muscles that are externally attached in order to facilitate movement. Furthermore, the basic form of the leg of a tetrapod is that it has three key points or joints: the shoulder joint, the knee joint and the ankle joint. The sequence and the arrangement of these joints facilitate movement and make it possible and smooth (Polly). One principle of tetrapod locomotion includes the fact that locomotion must be a compromise or a balancing force between movement and gravity. This means that the animal must always remain in a state of balance whether it is at rest or it is in motion, except when it is falling over. Secondly, the force for locomotion is derived from muscles and gravity. Thirdly, bones and muscles must be regarded as lever systems in order to produce locomotion. Bones and the joints that they form are usually involved in one or more lever systems while muscles are confined to only one lever system. It is the action of these lever systems that produce a forward motion in tetrapods. There are several lever systems suited for each task in the body. However, those lever systems that work the hardest include those that support weight, close jaws or produce forward motion. The heavy muscles, in particular, which are located toward the center of the body and the proximal ends of bones, are actually a major source of movement for the tetrapod body (Polly) . Unlike in bipedal and flying animals whose balance in locomotion centers on the hindlimbs, tetrapods have their balance concentrated over their forelimbs. Moreover, the propulsion for locomotion comes from their hindlimbs, and their head serves to counterbalance the body (Polly). Cats usually have a longer swing duration of the hind limbs, a shorter stance duration, and the same step durations of fore and hind limbs. However, as the cat moves faster, its step duration becomes shorter. These specifics may become slightly different in the case of a

Mgt checkpoint 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mgt checkpoint 3 - Essay Example The article also considers the personnel professionals to be responsible for managing substance abuse in the work place. This include offering guidance and counseling to people affected by substance abuse. Employees are able to perform and meet their expectations if they are free from destructive habits. Most employees get involved in substance abuse due to work related issue such as stress. Personnel professional such as supervisors are charged with the responsibility of ensuring that employees within an organization perform to their expectations. Supervisors are therefore responsible for ensuring that employees within their organization lead a life that is free from substance abuse. Supervisors within an organization face issue of diversity in their daily responsibilities. Substance abuse is common factor that contribute to the diversity of employees within an organization. Supervisors can use information contained in Smits and Pace article to formulate policies for the management of substance abuse in their workplace. The information can also be used to articulate workers such that they avoid getting involved in drug abuse. This will greatly help the organization to meet its

Chemical Formula of Zinc Oxide

Chemical Formula of Zinc Oxide Purpose The purpose of this lab experiment is to identify the simplest chemical formula of zinc chloride. Observations In this laboratory exercise you measured the mass of an evaporating dish, zinc and zinc chloride in the evaporating dish.   Make a table that shows the masses you measured in the lab.   The table must include a table number and title.   The title should reflect what is in the table. Table-1 Masses collected for Zinc chloride and Evaporating dish Item Weighed Mass (+/-o.o1g) Empty evaporating dish (M1) 51.97g Granular Zinc 0.50g Granular Zinc + Evaporating dish 52.47g Table-2 Masses obtained for Zinc chloride and Evaporating dish Item Weighed Mass(+/-0) Evaporating dish + Zinc chloride (M2) 53.01g Zinc chloride (M2-M1) 1.13g Evaporating dish + Zinc chloride (at end) 52.90g Calculations Calculate the mass of zinc and chlorine. Answer- Mass of zinc = 0.50g   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mass of chlorine = 1.1-0.50   Ã‚  Ã‚   =0.6g Based on the masses obtained for zinc and chlorine calculate the simplest formula for zinc chloride. Answer- Simplest formula for Zinc chloride Mass of zinc= 0.50g Moles of zinc Mass of chlorine=0.6g Moles of chlorine Thus, the ratio ==0.44705882 Write the balanced chemical equation for the formation of zinc chloride from zinc and hydrochloric acid? Answer-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   /1 Using the true chemical formula for zinc chloride, calculate the mass% of Zn and Cl in zinc chloride? Answer-molar mass of Zinc + molar mass of chlorine=65.39+35.45   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   =100.34g Mass percent of zinc in zinc chloride   =   Ã‚  Ã‚   =64.85% Mass percent of chlorine in zinc chloride= =35.15% Calculate the % relative error between your experimental ratio (moles of Cl/moles of Zn) and the true ratio for zinc chloride. Questions In paragraph formatanswer the following questions: 1. Consider the steps in the procedure used for the formation of zinc chloride.   Zinc was first reacted with hydrochloric acid, then zinc chloride was isolated using a steam bath and lastly it was weighed.   What errors could have occurred during the experiment that would cause your simplest formula to be incorrect?   Include at least 2 errors.   In your answer include how the error affected the simplest formula calculation. 2. Which error would cause the largest effect on your result? 3. How could the errors described in question 1 be reduced or eliminated? Answer- 1. During performing the experiments in laboratory, chances of error are probable to occur. Some errors can happen accidently, by human error by observing the due to environmental factors, instrumental disorders. The error that occurred during the lab experiment is that the compound could be over burned causing the compound to dissolve into the air. Weight of the compound should be taken right away otherwise it will be evaporated into the air and there will be change in mass or may be in the whole result of the experiment. Calculations may vary. 2. According to my perception, the error which would cause the maximum effect on the result is human error because if by mistake compound gets over burned or without concentrating during the experiment compound gets over heated it will evaporate in air and we will be left with less amount of compound. 3. We can reduce the error, if the weight of compound is done quickly after heating.   Evaporating dish should be immediately taken off from hot plate to reduce overheating of the compound or loss of compound by evaporation in air. Conclusion(s)- In conclusion the simplest formula is determined by performing this experiment. We get to know about the possible error that may occur while conducting the experiment.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   /3 Reference(s) 1. CHEM16682 Applied chemistry1 -1171-6859, Laboratory manual experiment no-5 posted on slate/Sheridan College, Brampton, Ontario (accessed on 14.feb.2017). Teacher Evaluation of the overall organization of lab report and laboratory performance (Students leave this part blank) Overall organization of lab report: formatting of chemical and mathematical equations; clarity of answers; spelling and grammar; attention to details; completed cover sheet; use of headers and footers etc. Laboratory performance:   punctuality; time management; team work; attention to safety; use of personal protection equipment; use of appropriate lab techniques; prepared to conduct lab, lab data book prepared in advance of the lab; cleanup of lab work area.

Law of Evidence: R v Kearley Essay -- Papers

Law of Evidence: R v Kearley Essentially this piece concerns whether the House of Lords correctly decided the case of R v Kearley[1]. The majority decided allowing the appeal, that the evidence concerned in this case was either irrelevant, and therefore inadmissible (unless part of the res gestae) or was inadmissible as hearsay in the form of an implied assertion. The facts of Kearley will be discussed, followed by an analysis of the decision by their Lordships, finally considering the issues of relevance and implied assertions in relation to the decision in Kearley. The facts of Kearley are well known. The disputed evidence was that the police officers whilst on the raid answered a number of callers to the flats, both by telephone and by visitors. The police officers testified that the callers were seeking to buy drugs in place of the original callers who were unwilling or unable to attend court. The appellant objected to the evidence on the ground that it was hearsay, but this was overruled. The Court of Appeal dismissed his appeal and certified a question to the House of Lords. Condensing the certified question, it was whether a person not called as a witness, for the purpose of not establishing the truth of any fact narrated by the words, but of inviting the jury to draw an inference from the fact that the words were spoken ? [2] On the issue of relevancy, Lord Ackner for the majority considered that each request was evidence of the state of mind of the person making the request, and that was an irrelevant issue in the trial. This was backed up by Lords Bridge and Oliver. It should be noted though that Lord Bridge f... ...[1986] 86 Cr App R 105 [15] DPP v Kilbourne [1973] AC 726 per Lord Simon at P756 [16] [1993] 13 Legal Studies 54, 65 [17] Law of Evidence (1999) Page 528 [18] [1993] 56 MLR 138, 146 [19] Per Lord Griffiths in Kearley at Page 348 [20] [1993] CLJ 40, 41 [21] ibid no. 19 [22] The Modern Law of Evidence (4th Edition) (Butterworths) [23] Wright v Doe D Tatham (1837) and Teper v R (1952) [24] [1993] 13 Legal Studies 54 59 [25] [1993] 56 MLR 138, 140 [26] Law of Evidence (1999) [27] [1992] NLJ 1194, 1194 [28] [1993] 56 MLR 138, 148 [29] [1993] 56 MLR 138, 151-152 [30] [1994] 110 LQR 431, 438 [31] Report No. 245: Evidence in Criminal Proceedings and Related Topics (1997) [32] Pattenden, Rein - (modified version though), and Cross [33] [1993] CLJ 40, 42

The Gender Equity in Schools

Gender Equality Report on Education This report is designed to inform on Gender Equity in Schools and educational fact; it was produced to raise awareness to those who seek knowledge in this area. StudentsSchools are working to become more gender equitable. Surveys show girls are loosing out to boys in areas such as who takes advancement classes, who graduates college and even the salary of a post college job. Amazing as it is girls only make 14% of those who take advance classes, where as 26% of boys make advance classes (these values are slowly equaling). Also the vast majority of chemistry, physics, science and computer majors are male. This may be related to the fact that 75% of science and math teachers are male. Finally post college jobs on average offer 25% more salary to male employees. On higher level, there should be more equality to give girls a chance to earn positions higher than a traditional blue-collar job. Elementary Level Education Starting at a early age girls begin to be dominated in educational and most recreational areas; for example boys on average raise their hands to answer questions asked by the teacher eight times more often than girls do. And it is very common for males to receive more praises or constructive criticism on their responses to the question that the teacher asks, where as girls get the more superficial â€Å"ok† reaction (but that is not always the case). In a typical schoolyard the area that boys play in is ten times larger than the area witch girls play in. Self-esteem Self-esteem is an important part of the success of all levels of education. Research states that an average girls are more likely to doubt their selves and are quicker to let go of their goals and to except failure. Even though girls are more likely to doubt their selves and are quicker to except failure doesn†t mean that boys don†t doubt their selves and don†t except failure quickly, it means that the majority of girls do. The number of teenager children who aspire to glamorous occupations such as rock stars, movie actors, and sport stars are overwhelmingly male. This â€Å"Glamour Gap† severely lowers the self-esteem of females to the point where their academic achievements drop and further increasing the â€Å"Glamour Gap†. Generally girls hopes are lower for their future careers than boys hopes for their future careers. The â€Å"Gender Gap† There are three new schools in Detroit, and two have only boy students. The Educational Council surveyed the schools and found only one girl at the age of five in one of the new schools. Teachers feel that this is a good opportunity for the children because there will be no fighting between girls and boys such as boys sexually harassing girls and boys teasing girls and viceversa. There also will be much less of a â€Å"Gender Gap†. The â€Å"Gender Gap† is boys receiving a higher level of education than girls because of dependent variables such as boys raising their hands more often than girls do, boys use ten times more area to play on than girls use to play on etc†¦ Math and Science Math and science teachers have the most dramatic and most easily measured effects on adolescent students. There is a serious relationship between math class, science class, and teenage self-esteem. When teenage students do well in math class and science class their self-esteem raises but a small decrease in these academic achievements can severely wound their pride and self-respect, therefore lowering their self-esteem drastically. Conclusion In conclusion, we would say there needs to be a major increase in gender equity not only in schools but also in the work place, sports, and all other recreational and non-recreational actives. If we don†t stop this at an early age then children won†t learn any thing they will continue their stereotyping and harassing behavior on life, after school, extracurricular actives, college, and work; and why will they carry it on in life? Because they were never taught right from wrong. Classes like Challenges is a very good way to get children from a young age to change their behavior (if it is an expectable), and it is a good way to incorporate fun and learning about every day topics like sexual harassment, conflict resolution and many other topics together.

The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essays

The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essays The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essay The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essay How the modern world was actually established is often overlooked and attributed to the powers and domination of Athens and Rome. What authors Justin Pollard and Howard Reid urge readers to understand, however, is the significance that the city of Alexandria had on Western Civilization. Both authors have worked in British and American television, and are accomplished in the film/documentary industry.Reid has also previously written five other books. In their narrative book, The Rise and Fall of Alexandria, they seek to emphasize just how important this little city was to the foundation of the modern world through accounts of history. Alexandria was built on the foundation of knowledge and intellect, with some of the greatest minds in the fields of Philosophy and Astronomy behind the operation. Alexandria was the birthplace of some of history’s most influential people and the ideas that accompanied them.The ideas of these influential people, such as Herophilus and his discovery of the human organs, and Aristarchus with his idea of a heliocentric universe, have been carried down for centuries and will never be forgotten. Alexandria was home to the incredible library and museum where some of the world’s greatest thinkers pondered and hypothesized the abstracts and ideas that were foreign to their time. Along with all of these historical facts about Alexandria, the city also houses one of the Seven Wonders of the World- the magnificent lighthouse, the Pharos.Alexandria, one of the most influential cities in the foundation of the modern world and a city whose â€Å"unique soul† (p. 1) has been overlooked by history. But, through The Rise and Fall of Alexandria, readers are able to experience the climb to knowledge and intellect, as well as the rise and fall of this â€Å"most extraordinary city on earth† (p. 176). Alexander founded the city of Alexandria in 331 BC. Alexandria was in a prime location for a provincial capital with its †Å"access to Egypt’s wealth and connections on to the Red Sea† (p. 7). He wanted Egypt as part of his growing empire.Not long after in 323 BC, however, Alexander died and left this newly established city to his half brother and baby son. Alexander’s childhood friend, Ptolemy, soon came to rule over the city and Alexandria began rising. Ptolemy had plans for the city and began building innovative roads and two sea harbors. With these new developments, authors note, the â€Å"fundamental plan of the greatest city in the ancient world was complete. † Houses, slaves, cattle, and taxpayers were being taken from surrounding villages and given to the capital city of Alexandria.When Ptolemy’s son and successor (Ptolemy II) began his rule on the city, he, too, threw himself into developing Alexandria and created a currency that could be used to sell and trade. Structures were built, such as temples and the lighthouse, and Alexandria was becoming known as â₠¬Å"the light of the world† (p. 92). Along with the furthering of physical growth to the city of Alexandria, there was also growth politically and religiously. Ptolemy wished to fuse ancient thinking with the modern thinking of the Greeks, so he devised a plan and created a cult through a fusion of two gods: the god of the dead and the living bull.And this Greco-Egyptian cult was created and called Serapis. Through this newly founded religion and the constant furthering of the city’s buildings and technology, Alexandria began to rise. One of the main and most important themes found in the history of Alexandria is how much the city and that period in time contributed to the knowledge of the world. Some of the most brilliant people influenced that particular time, including the great philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, as well as others such as Euclid of Alexandria, Herophilus, Aristarchus, and Eratosthenes.Alexandria was rich in knowledge because of the great mi nds that utilized and contributed to the city’s institutions, such as the library and the lighthouse, to hypothesize theories and concepts. For example, Eratosthenes observed ships on the horizon from atop the lighthouse in Alexandria and eventually was the first to compass the world and describe the globe. Aristotle, being the private tutor of Alexander, could be credited for laying the intellectual foundation for the city of Alexandria. He, too, contributed to the Library of the city.Behind the brilliance of Aristotle, one can find the influences of the great philosophers that preceded him: Socrates and Plato. Because of its saturation of intellects and the availability of resources (the library and museum), Alexandria was a city thriving with knowledge and new schools of thought. Alexandria was the birthplace of the modern world, â€Å"not led by legions of soldiers, but by dynasties of scholars navigating on a sea of books† (p. 1). Alexander was considered to be a living god by the Egyptians for over 3,000 years, but the Greeks, however, did not so easily accept this notion.At the death of Alexander, dispute over who should rule over the largest empire on earth was in play. Finally, Alexander’s childhood friend, Ptolemy who looked like an Egyptian and spoke like a Greek, became Pharaoh. The reign of Ptolemy, including his heirs, was one that lasted for five generations. As even the beginning of the Alexandria Empire showed a trend of a constant power struggle among kings and pharaohs, so it continued this way until its fall. With rulers coming in and out of power, Alexandria was under a constant power struggle.Since Alexander’s death, â€Å"the eastern Mediterranean had been involved in an almost continuous struggle among the descendants of his heirs for control over† Alexandria (p. 156). A power that was becoming stronger and more threatening was that of Rome. Whether it was the grain that attracted the Romans to Alexand ria, or the hunger for a place in history with the greatest conqueror, Alexander, the Romans were drawn to Alexandria. While under the rule of Cleopatra, the city of Alexandria was invaded by the Romans and the city was set in flames.The great Library of Alexandria lost some 4,000 papyrus scrolls, which although was not the end of the library, was the symbol of the city falling as the heart of it had been burned. In the spring of 30 BC, Alexandria was again invaded by Octavian and his army, and on August 1, â€Å"the Ptolemaic kingdom came to an end† (p. 172). Alexandria became a city in which it was dangerous to express one’s religious beliefs or opinions. In the middle of this dangerous time, the last scientist who worked in the library was a woman named Hypatia.The fact that she was a woman and that she was friends with the Roman governor made the Archbishop of Alexandria, Cyril, hate her. Hypatia was killed, and soon after, the Library was destroyed. The heart and mind, the central being, the core of Alexandria was destroyed with the Library, and â€Å"with the death of Hypatia, her city also began to die (p. 280). The streets were filled with religious extremism and violence and with ethnic tension; the customs were changing and even the language was transforming as influenced by the Egyptians (p. 80). Eventually the great city of Alexandria was torn down by the Muslim general and the place that had once flourished with civilization and knowledge became nothing but ruins covered in flour and grain- and so was the fall of Alexandria. Alexandria was a city that started out strong and promising, with its dedicated rulers and the plans they had to nurture and expand the empire. It was the center of knowledge and wisdom, a magnet for those with great minds and ideas about the world.The heart of the city was its beloved library. Intellects swarmed this great city to teach, to learn, to ponder, and to discover. Aristarchus â€Å"put the earth in heavens in motion† (p. 108) when he proposed a model of the solar system; Eratosthenes found the solution to the â€Å"Delian Problem† (p. 122); Archimedes figured out how to calculate the volume of a sphere: all these discoveries out of the city in Egypt. As I read through this book, I felt as though I was in the middle of it all.It felt like I was watching the birth of a baby as the city was founded, the hard life of growing up as the city underwent so many changes, and eventually the death of a legacy as the city was torn down. The city of Alexandria served its purpose of facilitating the minds of philosophical geniuses and an important chunk of history in our world. Through this book, Justin Pollard and Howard Reid were able to bring to life a long-lost empire that rose and fell, but will never be forgotten. Pollard, Justin and Howard Reid. The Rise and Fall of Alexandria: Birthplace of the Modern World. New York: Penguin Books, 2006.

Ben frankiln and the US dream essays

Ben frankiln and the US dream essays It has always been a common belief in this country that there is nothing that cannot be obtained through hard work and diligence. This is a belief that America was founded on and leaned against during its hardest times. Ben Franklin certainly believed in this, in fact he conducted his life by those very ideas. Franklins autobiography reads more like a self-help book rather than a life story It is one that tells not just how to live as a good person, but how to live as an American. Ben Franklin is not shy about his self opinion, he is aware if the success and prestige he has obtained in his life and is more than happy to let people know the secret of his success. Similarly Franklins attitude towards America are much like his self opinion, proud and boastful of being the best. Franklin sees America as a free market of open competition where the strong survive to be number one. This is true of both the country and its people, and reflects Franklins support of capitalism. The America of Ben Franklin was one where anyone could come to get away from their problems and start a new life in freedom if you were willing to work for it. Franklin makes it evidently clear that he came from rather meager beginnings and was a self-made man. This idea of rags to riches and the ability of anyone to have success only becomes more profound a belief decades after Franklins death.. Franklins America was one of a common idea of building a new nation versus the idea of self-betterment and doing what it takes to be successful. Throughout his autobiography Franklins description of how he lives his daily life can be compared to the regiment of most early Americans: work hard, succeed, gain on edge on your fellow man, and dont stop until youve reached the top. With all this boasting about being so successful, on may see Franklin as gloating a bit. Well why shouldnt he be, he would not be...

Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Code of Ethics - Essay Example No one person can run this organization; therefore, it is imperative that we hire associates who are friendly, knowledgeable, and understand exactly what their respective roles in the company are. We hold our associates to the highest ethical standards. We expect our employees to behave in such a way, on campus and off, that no shame or degradation will be cast upon Whitehouse Cherry. Business ethics, to us, is defined as behavior that would directly result in the loss of customers, or invite lawsuits. For example, good business ethics dictate that all Whitehouse Cherry associates keep all customer information confidential. This information includes their names, and all identifying information like addresses, social security numbers, and phone numbers. Our customers are assured that their information will neither appear on a listserv, nor will it be sold to solicitation companies or surveyors. As well, credit card information should only be entered into our database at the time customers are making purchases, whether in person, or via Web. Associates may not write down credit card numbers, expiration dates, or security code information wholly, or in part. If an associate experiences any difficulty entering credit card information into the database, please see a senior associate to complete the transaction. This rule applies to all forms of payment received by Whi tehouse Cherry, including checks and Pay Pal accounts. Failure to adhere to any part of this rule will result in immediate dismissal of the associate, as per our agreement, written or implied, with the customer. Whitehouse Cherry associates must never discuss customers, except with pertinent personnel, and for business and problem resolution reasons only. Even then, non-pertinent personnel, and customers, must not be within hearing range of the associates in discussion. Associates who overhear non-pertinent conversations must a) keep the

White Paper- Software Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

White Paper- Software Testing - Essay Example This section recommends the application of alpha testing to solve the issue in question as it allows the developers to see the test software working in real time in a practical setting. The involved number of test clients should be limited when the software is not yet ready for release either commercially or for open source purposes. The online application under the alpha test is a web-server application that has been a victim of frequent hacks. As a result, the cost of maintenance has been on the rise and this has lead more time loss which would otherwise have been used developing better versions of the same application. This alpha test utilized prototypes, to test the application in its beta stage, on a weeklong correction meant to regain the faith from the users who feared that their data could be compromised. However, there were no expectations of the software’s full possession in functionality for which it was developed for and specifically for this stage. The reason is because alpha testing is normally conducted to make sure that the application is developed on all core functions and proper acceptance of input to provide output as expected without errors. Before the customers cloud receive the improved version free of security risks, the developers had to ensure that they provided sufficient improvements as pertains to robustness and sustainability. Such a final product in an application was meant to deliver a positive image for the app. This would lay a strong foundation for the beta testing to confirm acceptability. Alpha testing was chosen for the sole reason in that it handles the procedure that would meet the expectations of eliminated security risk that was easily conducted by the application developers on a test environment that was controlled to avoid losing code to external competitors who could use it for competition, maliciously.