What Half Life Means for Evolution

Perhaps the most widely used evidence for the theory of evolution through natural selection is the fossil record. The fossil record may be incomplete and may never fully completed, but there are still many clues to evolution and how it happens within the fossil record. One way that helps scientists place fossils into the correct era on the geologic time scale is by using radiometric dating. Also called absolute dating, scientists use the decay of radioactive elements within the fossils or the rocks around the fossils to determine the age of the organism that was preserved. This technique relies on the property of half-life. What Is Half-Life? Half-life is defined as the time it takes for one-half of a radioactive element to decay into a daughter isotope. As radioactive isotopes of elements decay, they lose their radioactivity and become a brand new element known as a daughter isotope. By measuring the ratio of the amount of the original radioactive element to the daughter isotope, scientists can determine how many half-lives the element has undergone and from there can figure out the absolute age of the sample. The half-lives of several radioactive isotopes are known and are used often to figure out the age of newly found fossils. Different isotopes have different half-lives and sometimes more than one present isotope can be used to get an even more specific age of a fossil. Below is a chart of commonly used radiometric isotopes, their half-lives, and the daughter isotopes they decay into. Example of How to Use Half-Life Lets say you found a fossil you think to be a human skeleton. The best radioactive element to use to date human fossils is Carbon-14. There are several reasons why, but the main reasons is that Carbon-14 is a naturally occurring isotope in all forms of life and its half-life is about 5730 years, so we are able to use it to date more recent forms of life relative to the geologic time scale. You would need to have access to scientific instruments at this point that could measure the amount of radioactivity in the sample, so off to the lab we go! After you prepare your sample and put it into the machine, your readout says you have approximately 75% Nitrogen-14 and 25% Carbon-14. Now it is time to put those math skills to good use. At one half-life, you would have approximately 50% Carbon-14 and 50% Nitrogen-14. In other words, half (50%) of the Carbon-14 you started with has decayed into the daughter isotope Nitrogen-14. However, your readout from your radioactivity measuring instrument says you have only 25% Carbon-14 and 75% Nitrogen-14, so your fossil must have been through more than one half-life. After two half-lives, another half of your leftover Carbon-14 would have decayed into Nitrogen-14. Half of 50% is 25%, so you would have 25% Carbon-14 and 75% Nitrogen-14. This is what your readout said, so your fossil has undergone two half-lives. Now that you know how many half-lives have passed for your fossil, you need to multiply your number of half-lives by how many years are in one half-life. This gives you an age of 2 x 5730 11,460 years. Your fossil is of an organism (maybe human) that died 11,460 years ago. Commonly Used Radioactive Isotopes Parent Isotope Half-Life Daughter Isotope Carbon-14 5730 yrs. Nitrogen-14 Potassium-40 1.26 billion yrs. Argon-40 Thorium-230 75,000 yrs. Radium-226 Uranium-235 700,000 million yrs. Lead-207 Uranium-238 4.5 billion yrs. Lead-206

Terrorism A Global Rebirth Of Attacks - 1405 Words

Terrorism has occurred throughout history, but today the world is experiencing a global rebirth of attacks. Today, it no longer affects only small societies, such as isolated third world countries who fell victim to regular terrorist attacks; but the whole world is becoming more familiar with terrorist groups, like ISIS, and more. Terrorism can be defined as â€Å"the deliberate creation of fear to bring out political change.† (Nancy Ing and Page 3). All terrorist acts involve violence or the threat of violence, and these violent threats or acts are usually committed by non governmental groups, governmental groups, individuals who are serving or have served in the military, law enforcement agencies, intelligence agencies, or governmental agencies of an established nation. Terrorists attempt not only to create panic, but to weaken the confidence in the government, political leadership, and people of the targeted country. 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Inplant Training Report on Textile Industry free essay sample

There are 26 aided rouses of which 10 are undergraduate programmers. There are 11 self- financing programmers out of which 3 are postgraduate programmers. More innovative and job oriented courses come under self-financing programmers. The student strength for the college is 2647 of which 2324 are the undergraduate and 323 are postgraduate students. All the students hail from the same locality. There are altogether 142 teaching staff. Thirteen of the staff are Ph. D. Holders, 83 are M. Phil. Holders and the rest with postgraduate qualifications.The number of administrative staff including technical staff is The unit cost of education for the aided courses is RSI. 7524/- and for the self, financing courses is RSI. 4478/-. The temporal plan of academic work is the semester system. Section 2: Criterion-wise Analysis Criterion I: Curricular aspects The Velar College was established with a clear mission for empowerment of women, through diverse educational programmers. With this noble mission many curricular / academic programmers were developed and implemented through aided programmers initially. We will write a custom essay sample on Inplant Training Report on Textile Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Later on self-finance courses are also being offered by the college. Although diverse programmers and infrastructure facilities are being provided, the management needs to focus n programmers with social and economic relevance to meet the challenges and present needs of the society. The College has Science, Arts and Commerce Faculties and all the academic programmers are guided by the University in terms of syllabi, examinations and evaluation, which leave little scope for innovative programmers to be offered by the college. It is significant to note that college has made efforts to introduce some job-oriented courses on self-financing basis such as Bio- Chemistry, Computer Science, Computer Applications, Food Nutrition, Co- operation, Corporate Secretariats, Finance Control and Business Management. The curricular options are more academic oriented than career oriented. There are core courses and non-core options. There are foundation courses for creating general awareness and application oriented courses.If there are some courses on entrepreneurship management included in the curricular options, a graduate will be in a better position to generate employment for herself and others. At present the college does not have any mechanism to obtain feed back from academic peers, students and employers on the curriculum followed by the college. There is an urgent need to evolve a mechanism to formulate innovative programmers and modify existing programmer to suit the socio- economic environment Of the region. The industry institutional interaction may be explored to improve the quality of the academic programmers. As a women college, there is a need to initiate a Centre for women studies, which will enhance the scope for introducing more innovative and relevant courses in the curriculum. Recognized research guides for M. Phil. And/or Ph. D. Research scholars are available in History, English, Botany and Commerce departments. Masters courses in History, English, Commerce, Food Nutrition, Finance Control ND Computer Applications are offered.Master of Finance Control has immense scope for employment opportunities. Some of these professional courses need to be strengthened by involving practicing professionals to interact with the students on a regular basis. It may be noted that in the academic evaluation of the aided colleges undertaken by the Directorate of Collegiate Education, Government of Tamil Nadia, in 1998-99. Velar College for Women ranked 28th among the 141 colleges for undergraduate courses and 1 7th among 117 colleges running postgraduate courses. Criterion II: Teaching-learning and EvaluationTeaching, Learning and Evaluation constitute the crux of the quality of educational services. In an effective system of education, appropriate inputs need to be given to get the desirable output. To do this the institution needs to be in a position to judge the students knowledge and offer the remedial courses to get them prepared for that course. It is desirable, therefore, to identify weaker students right at the beginning of the academic session, immediately after the admission to the first year, and offer remedial courses.The teaching process adopted by a few teachers is commendable. While a few cheers have adopted innovative and newer methods of teaching, many need to switch over to a more efficient methodology of teaching. The college should make available latest educational technology and encourage the staff and students to use such aids more frequently. The College is quite strong on co-curricular activities. Students take part in cultural activities. Some students are proficient in Physical activities like Karate, gymnastics and sports. College encourages sports activities of the students.Some of the students of the college, in the past, were members of the university team and participated at the national level sports meets. Most noteworthy achievement of the students of the college is the participation of two NC cadets in the Republic Day Parade at New Delhi. One of the girls has also participated in a mountaineering expedition at Trashiest in the Grammar Himalayas. Some students actively take part in inter collegiate debates, quizzes and other competitions. The examination is conducted by the University at the end of the semester. However, the college should encourage teachers to adopt a creative and innovative evaluation process to identify the extent of knowledge absorption by the students so that remedial measures can be initiated. Teacher recruitment is done according to the rules and procedures laid down by the government. The selection of teachers is done through written tests, demonstration lectures in a classroom followed by an interview. The process of appointing teachers in the Self-financing departments will have to be reviewed and more rigorous procedure could be adopted.Faculty development programmers should be initiated by the college with a multi-pronged approach, consisting of, short term programmers arranged in the college in different departments by inviting experts and guest faculty from national level teaching and research institutes. Faculty should be encouraged and also be given financial support to attend Faculty development t programmers. The students evaluation of teachers may be furth er strengthened at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. It is also highly essential to monitor the teaching practices by a well-designed procedure and reward good and innovative teachers.There are teachers with good academic and research output in some departments of Velar College for Women, only their tribe should increase. College does not have any national or international level linkages and tie-ups for research or teaching. There is an urgent need for the college to look up for such linkages for its own development. Criterion Ill: Research, Consultancy and Extension Velar College has very few teachers involved in active research. Since the college is still developing postgraduate departments, the research output and the research culture is yet to be enhanced.The Department of Physics, Commerce, History and English have procured grants from ICC towards minor research project Although the staff has the freedom to publish their research in academic forum, only few faculty members were able to avail of this opportunity. Currently research programmers are being conducted only in mom grant in aid departments. Faculty, currently, are not doing any individual or institutional consultancy work although there is a lot Of scope for Some of the departmental staff to take up consultancy work.Industry-institutional interface will promote research and consultancy operations. It is encouraging to note that the college has undertaken a number of extension activities like INS, Surgical, Youth Red Cross and NC to promote community services. Faculty and students have participated in outreach programmers like medical camp, tree plantation, blood donation camps and adopting orphanages. Some of the extension activities are implemented in collaboration with Nags and GOES such as Penchant, Government Hospital, Department of Forestry, etc.Tindal and Congressionally are adopted by INS where they constructed bus stop shelter for the villagers, white washing and painting the school and renovating water tank and constructi on of platform for school. They have conducted awareness programmer on Yoga in daily life, Nature the basis of life, Empowerment of women, Irrigations projects, Rain harvesting Integrated crop Management, Vermin-culture, Bio-fertilizers importance of Natural fertilizers. Role of women in agriculture, agro-based industries, health and nutrition and eradication of anemia.The College should organize more outreach programmers in the areas of adult education, eradication of child labor and public health. More medical camps in surrounding villages will help poor people. Self-employment opportunities and entrepreneurship development among rural women is one area where the college could focus on. Legal awareness programmers should be conducted for women in the neighboring areas. Criterion IV: Infrastructure and Learning Resources The campus is spread over 38. 29 acres housing Velar College for Women, n Engineering College and a Higher Secondary School including hostels and playgrounds.It has ample built in space for the classrooms, laboratories, computer laboratories and administrative offices. The infrastructure includes spacious well ventilated classrooms, staff rooms, library, hostels, conference room, bank, non-resident student centre, canteen, vehicle parking shed, games room, play fields, NC room and co-operative stores. There is a very big auditorium With a seating capacity of 2500. The college has ample water supply; Uninterrupted power supply is ensured by having a powerful generator. Intercom and PACE facilitate effective and prompt communication.The building and infrastructural facilities appear to be well maintained. Campus is kept clean and beautiful. The physical infrastructure is put to use not only for college programmers but also for use by certain external agencies. Optimal use of infrastructure is made by the college. The time table is spread in such a way that classrooms and laboratories are used optimally. However, some departments need more space for housing their staff. The hostel may provide adequate study facilities for the students. The library is housed centrally in a separate building. There are around 34000 books.The library subscribes to 72 magazines and 22 journals. The number of foreign journals are three. More scientific journals may be added. It is advisable to allocate money for procuring more books to meet the growing requirements of the students. The college has three computer laboratories for Computer Science, BCC and MAC students. The total number of computers on the campus is 135. There should be central computer facility which could be used by all the faculties, since most of the departments do not have independent computer facility. Laboratories in the Science departments of Physics, Chemistry, Botany, andZoology are equipped and maintained for undergraduate students. However additional facilities have to be provided for research students and the staff if they have to pursue research. The college does not have an independent health centre. The students undergo a medical examination after they are admitted to the college. Hepatitis B Vaccine was given to the students and staff with assistance of Rotary club. Hostel inmates are provided medical facility by doctors visiting the hostel at periodic intervals. College has abundant space for providing physical and infrastructural facilities in sports and physical education.Courts, Play ground and equipment for outdoor games are available. Athletic events can be organized easily. Regular training facilities are available to the students. The college has produced many outstanding sportswomen who represented the College, university and State at different levels of competitions. Outstanding sportswomen are given admission in the sports quota. The management of the College recognizes good sportswomen with cash prizes and certificates. Facilities for indoor games are also available in the college and the hostel. There are 3 separate hostel blocks for GIG, PEG and Annex.There are 800 inmates in all the hostel blocks. Spacious kitchen and dining rooms are provided. There is a sick room with 4 beds. There is a canteen adjacent to the main block to cater to the needs of the students, staff and visitors. There is no guest house, but there are some guest rooms. On the whole the infrastructure facilities in the College are excellent. Criterion V: Student Support and Progression Though college is located in semi urban area, it mainly caters to the needs Of rural girl students. More than 800 girls from various parts seek admission in the college and pursue higher education.